展览日期:2007-09-14至2007-10-12
展览地点:成都世纪城新国际会展中心

前 言
成都双年展从创立至今,已经举办第三届了。如果再以成都现代艺术馆建馆后于1999年底举办的“世纪之门:1979—1999中国艺术邀请展”算来,已经是八年了。无论是世纪之初经济疏于关注艺术、艺术市场和艺术活动处于低迷之时,还是时下艺术市场日亦活跃,社会各界对文化建设日趋重视之时,这八年我们一路走来,一以贯之地坚持着我的初衷:中国经济的活跃和发展,必将作用于文化艺术。同样,只有中国自己的文化发展壮大,才会有中国社会经济的协调发展、和谐共荣的景象。中国的崛起离不开文化的崛起。
正是基于这样的认知,支持和推动中国本土艺术的发展,促进和繁荣本土文化事业,就成为成都现代艺术馆、成都双年展一直坚持的理念。这也是为什么八年以来,我们不懈地以一己之力投入和资助艺术的缘由。同时,从第一届成都双年展始,我们也把关注艺术的目光投向了“新人”,因为“正是新人的产生,才使得中国艺术生生不息的持续发展。可以说,关注新人,就是从发展的角度关注着中国艺术的未来”,关注新人、推出新人的“新人特展”,成为我们成都双年展的一大特色和亮点。
我们还高兴地看到,“成都双年展”作为一个文化品牌,获得了国内外越来越多的关注,这不仅使文化艺术与一个城市相关联,也使这个城市因此而不同。特别是北京、上海、广州、南京、深圳等城市都相继举办了各式各类的双年展、三年展等艺术活动,文化建设大有越来越被倚重之势,成都作为一个地处西南的内地城市,却早在八年前就跬步以积,发展至今。作为出生、生活和工作在这个城市的一份子,我可以为之贡献一己之所能,是我的荣幸和荣尚。在政府大力支持下,有三万多平方米的新艺术馆即将兴建。未来充满了期待,我们将继续努力,祝愿成都双年展越走越远。 衷心地感谢关心、支持成都双年展和为本届双年展做出努力和贡献的所有同仁。
重新启动:第三届成都双年展 Reboot: The Third Chengdu Biennial
“国画”是个问题
冯斌
习惯地说“国画”,但这到底是指代特定的绘画方式,还是指代特定的绘画类型?或者还是如“国语”“国文”一样是指代“中国的绘画”?虽然理论家们和好多艺术实践者都加入到了这场历经一百多年的论争,其实就连如何名称“国画”、“中国画”或“水墨画”,到现在也是众说纷纭。
所以,“国画”对于我们来说,在今天依然是个需要面对的问题。
如果说“国画”是指代特定的绘画方式或者绘画类型,那艺术的基本常识就告诉我们,艺术没有一成不变的方式和类型,而是不断创新的、扩展的。“国画”亦然。
如果说“国画”是指代“中国的绘画”,那何其繁多的方式和类型,该是哪一种可以担当?又何以担当“中国的绘画”呢?
正因为“国画”的问题如此,在去年底我们讨论本届双年展主题时,“国画”就成为了题中之义。我在草拟这届双年展的计划时就明确说明:“‘国画’从一百多年前被提出,她作为传统文化、本土文化的概念,在与‘西方文化’的抗争及自身的转变中,其文化命题却在政治的、经济的种种干扰下没有得以澄清,‘国画’在国际化的语境中如何进行当代转换也问题依然——这显然与中国社会经济迅速崛起的进程不相称。”
所以,在中国社会经济迅速崛起,并在国际上越来越被关注的大背景下,以“文化”的命题重新提出如此纠缠难解的“国画”的问题,就是在于探讨表征这一现状的中国文化究竟应该是什么样的。一个有自己悠久的传统文化的国度,在向现代化转型的过程中,其文化又该何去何从?在经历了艺术市场的潮起潮落后,在当代艺术的风风火火中,“国画”是不暇他顾、或者是怨天尤人自期自艾?——此时此刻,关注“国画”,更有全新的意义。
同时,还应该看到,“国画”不是可以笼而统之的“中国绘画”,也不是某种既定的方式和类型,而应该是可以从传统资源中获得转换更新的、在今天世界多元文化中具有当代意义的、又有自己特色和开放性的艺术。这届双年展正是希望把现有的各种“国画”形态作一个客观的概括,以此有一相互的比较;同时在比较中突现出问题的重点——在中国社会经济迅速崛起的进程中,什么是其代表性的文化?——因为一个民族、一个国家,她自己的传统文化如何变化和发展,其实是一个更为经久和更具深度的问题,也是在今天值得提出来的一个问题。
The Problem of Guohua Feng Bin We are accustomed to using the term guohua, but does it mean a specific way of painting or signify a particular category of painting? Or is it like guoyu (spoken Chinese) or guowen (written Chinese), and so means Chinese painting? Although many art theorists and practitioners have participated in this century-long debate, actually opinion remains widely divided even today over the definitions of the labels guohua, zhongguohua (the painting of China), shuimohua (ink painting). Therefore, guohua remains an issue we must face. If we say that guohua means a specific way of painting or a category of painting, the most basic understanding of art tells us that art has no unchanging methods or categories. Art is continuously innovating and developing. The same is true of guohua. If guohua means painting of China, then of the many different methods and categories of Chinese painting, which deserves this title? Because we face this issue in relationship to guohua, at the end of last year, when we discussed the topic for this biennial, the guohua problem emerged as the theme. When I draft the plan for this biennial I explained, “Since guohua emerged one hundred years ago as a concept of traditional culture and native culture in the confrontation with the west and in our internal process of transformation its cultural position has never been clarified because of political and economic interference. The problem of how guohua can transform itself in today’s international discourse is the same and it obviously is out of symmetry with the process of China’s rapid social and economic development. Therefore, against this background, raising the unsolved problem of guohua as a cultural proposition aims to investigate what this part of Chinese culture should be. This country has its long cultural tradition, but in the process of modernization, where and how should its culture move forward? After experiencing the ups and downs of the art market, in the contemporary art world, should guohua just ignore things happening around it, or complain about being neglected? At the same time, we should realize that guohua cannot be simply called “painting of China,” nor is it a certain method or category of painting. In today’s multicultural environment, it can transform from traditional conventions to a modern art with its own character and openness. This biennial hopes to make an objective overview of different responses to the guohua problem, and try to find how this traditional culture may further develop. This is a deep question and is the question we raise in the present exhibition.
展览简介:
“第三届成都双年展”由61位艺术家参加的“主题展”、2位艺术家参加的“特展”、49位全国艺术院校的本科生、研究生参加的“新人特展”三个部分组成。同时还举办相关主题的国际学术研讨会,和由21位艺术家参加的“特别邀请展:水墨新动向——台湾现代水墨画展”。
“第三届成都双年展”以“重新启动”为展览标题,对“国画”、“水墨”进行新的阐释,试图客观地展示中国当代艺术发展历程中的多元格局,重新定义中国当代艺术。在中国社会经济迅速崛起并受到全世界瞩目的背景下,中国艺术应该探索突破困境和局限的多种可能性,启动中国当代艺术全面发展的新局面,展现中国文化的特殊性和世界性之间的相互融合和置换。
“第三届成都双年展”主题展突破以媒材和表现形式分类的传统展览模式,以社会文化学的视野,将作品归纳在“人,精神”“社会”“自然”三个主题中展开,力图展现“国画”、“水墨”的当代性。
“第三届成都双年展”秉承“关注新人,就是从发展的角度关注着中国艺术的未来”的宗旨,继第一、二届成都双年展,把关注新人、推出新人的“新人特展”作为一个重要组成部分。“新人特展”成为成都双年展的一大特色和亮点。
The Third Chengdu Biennale, Reboot, has three parts: the “Biennale Exhibition,” with sixty-one artists; the “Special Exhibition,” to salute two senior artists; and the “Special Exhibition of Emerging Artists,” with forty-nine graduate and undergraduate art students. In conjunction with the Third Chengdu Biennale, there will also be an international symposium on September 12 and 13, and a special invitational exhibition, “New Trends of Ink Art——Modern Ink Painting from Taiwan.”
Using “Reboot” as its theme, the Third Chengdu Biennale attempts to redefine Guohua (Chinese Painting) or Shuimohua (ink painting), and to present more objectively the multifaceted process of the development of Chinese contemporary art, and to redefine the contemporaneity of this segment of the arts. Against the background of global attention centered on the rapid rise of the Chinese economy, Chinese art today seeks to explore the potential inherent in breaking boundaries, to reboot Chinese traditional artistic media in this new stage of cultural development, and to display the interaction of China’s unique characteristics and internationalism.
By avoiding the conventional exhibition structure, which usually categorizes the exhibits by medium or format, the Third Chengdu Biennale is organized into three thematic sections, “Humanity and Spirit,” “Society,” and “Nature,” in order to express the contemporaneity of Chinese art.
Since the first Chengdu Biennial we have also turned our eyes to emerging artists, on the understanding that the appearance of new artists will stimulate the continued development of Chinese art. With concern for new artists and for the future of Chinese art, an emerging artists’ exhibition will be held in conjunction with the major thematic exhibition. It has become a special highlight of the Chengdu Biennial.
当代艺术的拓展和建构
沈揆一
随着中国社会经济的迅速崛起,中国的当代艺术也获得世界性的普遍关注。但中国艺术现状中的很大一部分却被有意无意地忽视。虽然这部分艺术和中国的传统文化无论在形式、主题还是媒材上都有着不可分割的联系,且实践者众多,但在当代艺术的研究中却没有受到应有的关注。 随着中国社会迅速的现代化转型,这些艺术实践无论是用“国画”还是“水墨”的概念都难以完全概括。艺术家们无论是在观念的表达、题材的选择,技法和媒材的运用上,都表现出极大的包容性和可塑性。他们的作品已超越了笔墨的零和之争,跳出了“传统”与“现代”, “东方” 与 “西方”, “具象”与“抽象”,“民族性”与”世界性”等的简单二元对立的框架。以水墨为媒材的艺术不再只是修身养心、陶冶性情的棲居之地,它和当代艺术中其他门类一样,直面人生、自然和社会的各种问题,同其个人和周遭的环境进行对话和交流,和当下社会、政治、经济、文化的变动直接联系在一起。
其实, 放下水墨情结所带来的焦虑, 我们看到一个更为广阔的艺术表现的空间。媒材的选择和表达的方式从来就不是艺术表现的最终目的。仅从这些参展的作品中,我们可以看到艺术家采用不同的媒材和表现形式,既有传统的水墨绘画和书法,也有装置、摄影和录象, 既有精细入微的写实刻划,也有洒脱虚幻的抽象表现,但都自如地运用水墨性话语展露他们的观感世界,描述各自的人文景观,表达对生活和生命的关注,揭示对精神世界的求索,提出对传统或现代的质疑,而在同时也都保持着同中国传统文化间的某种内在联系。这些艺术家的作品显示它们本身已成为当代文化建构的一个重要组成部分。它们既是中国文化身份的一种表征,又不是传统文化的简单延续,无论观念形态还是图式语境都在当代社会中得到拓展,体现了社会文化的当代性。
在全球化和中国国际影响力日益扩大的背景下,中国文化本身已成为一个新的不断变化的全球文化和艺术建构过程中的一部分。在这一建构的过程中,文化艺术的多元化是必然的。不论是传统意义上的国画还是近年涌现的前卫艺术都无法最准确、全面地呈现当代中国社会文化的发展面貌。本次双年展就是试图客观地展示中国当代艺术发展历程中的多元格局中的一个重要部分,重新定义中国当代艺术。在保持自身的创造性的同时, 探索突破困境和局限的各种可能性,启动中国当代艺术全面发展的新局面,进而推动中国的文化与艺术同其他文化艺术之间更多的对话和交流。我们知道,各种文化只有在不断的、直面的碰撞和磨合中, 才能产生和达到理解, 融会和互补。
无暇欣赏国画之妙?
林似竹
美,在今天的生活中扮演着什么角色?2007年1月,华盛顿邮报的专栏作家金•魏嘉顿(Gene Weingarten)做了一个实验来测定人们在日常生活中对美的开放程度。 他安排了一位闻名世界的小提琴家约书亚•贝尔(Joshua Bell)化装成一个街头艺人,并在上班的高峰时刻在华盛顿特区的一个地铁车站演奏古典乐曲。用于演奏的小提琴是一把非常精致的产于十八世纪的乐器(而且其价值不下百万美元),但是只有很少的行人停下他们赶去上班的匆忙脚步来聆听这位小提琴家炉火纯青的演奏。贝尔觉得非常惊讶,人们愿意掏出上百美元来买他的已经售罄的演奏会的门票,但他们居然没时间停下来欣赏他的免费表演。 这个实验引向一个很有可能的结论,因为快节奏的都市生活所带来的压力,人们对于不期而遇的美已经失去了感觉。那么,人们只有在期待看到美的东西的时候才能全身心投入地去欣赏它吗?是否只有当人们付了钱或者在特定的场合例如音乐厅或者博物馆的时候他们才能更好地欣赏美的事物呢?这个实验引出的另一个问题是,一件精妙的艺术品,例如贝尔用来演奏的小提琴,是不是只能被那些高级的、有教养的并且理解那种艺术形式的观众所接受呢?有趣的是在那些驻足聆听的人当中有一个竟是小孩子;而其他的孩子们,虽然在走过贝尔身边的时候都很注意他的表演,他们身边的成人总是催促他们快点离开。我们生来就能感觉到美,然而是否随着我们年龄增长、为生活所困,或是因为我们的文化体制坚信教育是理解精英文化的必要条件,我们感受美的本能就被压制了呢?
当我们考虑到国画这种只有少数人能真正理解的复杂而精巧的艺术形式时,这些问题也同样适用。对于微妙的水墨画的欣赏可以恰如其分地被拿来和小提琴演奏作比较:尽管水墨画的题材大多近似,正如乐谱也都类似,个人风格和手法上的细微区别却给艺术鉴赏留出空间,并由此让人体会到发自内心深处的喜悦之情。新题材时不时地会被加入画中,诸如飞机、工厂、登陆月球、外国名胜、战争难民、革命英雄和当代的都市生活,随之而来的还有新的手法,但是少有例外地,笔墨的基本功仍旧是评判一个画家和其作品的准绳。以刘庆和和李津的绘画为例,画中的人物清新而有魅力,但仍需画家的功力使其画撼人。同样,技艺之纯熟加上独创的思维,让书法家王冬龄和画家郑重宾做出引人注目的抽象范畴内的改革,王冬龄的作品产生于他对书法线条的深刻理解,而郑重宾的灵感则来自于他对人物画中的三维形体的领悟。 或许只有纯真的人,就像儿童,能一下就感受到一件伟大的艺术品的优美。然而,对大多数的我们来说,必要的教育或某种指导对提高人们获得令人满意的欣赏能力是十分有帮助的。此次展览中有很大一部分受益于但不受限于国画传统的作品,包括影像、装置艺术、行为艺术、照片以及用油彩和丙稀颜料所作的画。这些作品和传统的国画定义格格不入,但是它们反思、启发并且扩展了国画传统。有些是通过抛弃长久以来为国画所用的基本材料,如墨、彩、笔、纸和绢,来达到以上目标。如果那种想避开刻苦训练来浅尝国画传统的念头是不足取的,那么把这个传统的组成部分一点点剖析开来的做法则提供了一个切入主题的窗口或起点。比起那些专注于表面的革新而忽视探索这种经久不衰的绘画方式的深层涵义的国画家来,参展的艺术家们可能曾更多地在发掘国画的意义上下过工夫。墨汁已成为一些艺术家迷恋的东西,吴少英的关于流动的墨汁的录像突显了这种材料的基本特性。周铁海和张宏图都在非传统的介质上再现了国画历史上的经典杰作(他们分别使用了丙稀和油彩颜料);他们的作品督促观者在惊讶中重新思想隐藏在原作中的传统,以及这些传统的文化意义。邱世华选择用布面油画来描绘自己原创的山水构图:以绘画材料来判断,它们显然不再是国画了,但是从哲学层面上来说它们比绝大多数的当代水墨都更能体现出文人画的精神。 正如前文所说的,笔、墨始终是决定一幅国画的质量和感染力的两大要素,而其它要素起决定性作用的情况着实罕见,但是随着观念艺术在中国越来越受到重视,在观赏一件纸本或绢本的水墨作品时,支撑作品的观念可能就成为首要的考虑因素。徐冰的《写生》,这幅始于观念的绘画,就是最好的例证。然而在这个系列的创作过程中,在观念趋于成熟的同时,艺术家也在不断改善技法从而使笔墨达到和谐。历史上,国画的概念和技法总是一前一后地相互促进和发展。 无论我们以何种方式来欣赏国画——或许我们是被绘画的题材所吸引,或许是个别的笔法之美,或许我们联想到了用不同材料所作的相关作品,更或许是为一件将章法和概念两者珠联璧合的作品所倾倒——这些都无关重点。但最后,只要我们能学会花时间去欣赏国画里面无穷无尽的细微的变幻,毫无疑问, 我们也能培养出其它微妙的感情。回到这次展览的主题—— “重启”国画,当下我们需要重新调整我们的时间表,优先为欣赏美和精妙的国画腾出时间,但这和另外一种需求是并行的,那就是避免简单教条的答案,重新审视国画的根基以寻求国画之深义
只有世界的,才是民族的 鲁虹 台湾学者龙应台女士曾经在一篇文章中强调了“只有世界的,才是民族的”的观点。这与我们一向强调的“只有民族的,才是世界的”观点明显不同。两者的前提条件正好相反。我很赞同龙应台女士的观点。因为她的观点乃是在新形势下提出的,不仅对传统观点作了有益的补充,也对民族文化在当下全球化的格局中如何发展指出了非常正确的方向。 于是我想到了中国的水墨艺术。在过去,由于舆论片面地、几乎是一边倒地强调“只有民族的,才是世界的”观点,所以一些极端的民族主义者往往以不变应万变的文化姿态进行水墨创作。虽然他们自认为类似做法可以与西方当代艺术有效拉开距离,但因为他们的作画技法、入画标准、审美趣味以及意境构成方式基本来自传统,故而他们并不能创造出体现时代特色的新水墨艺术,更不能与西方的当代艺术进行正常的、平等的对话。应该说,这两者根本就是不同时态的艺术,后者是体现新文化价值的艺术,前者则是重复过去文化价值的艺术。实践充分证明:传统并不是守成出来的,而是创造出来的。再悠久、再伟大的传统,如果不与当下的文化产生积极、对应的关系,就没有任何意义。正是从这样的角度出发,我倾向于认为:为了更加有效地利用水墨这一重要的文化资源,或者说,为了更好突出民族身分与差异性,并积极参与国际对话,一些艺术家致力于水墨当代转型的探索是非常必要的。而在这样的过程中,全球化背景肯定是我们要注意的重要前提条件。事实上,在今天,谁也无法超越这一大的背景,更不能回到古人生活的时代。 必须指出,所谓全球化决不是要用西方化的标准去统一我们的艺术创作,而是希望艺术家们在进行艺术创作时,充分考虑全球文化交流中一些应予遵循的基本原则。当然,在一篇很短的文章中,要谈清所有原则是很困难的。不过我认为,有两点特别值得注意,那就是:第一,要密切关注当代性的问题,以努力使新水墨作品传达出新的文化或审美信息;第二,要虚怀若谷地、宽容地、大度地对待世界上的所有文化,以汲取有益的元素。在这里,任何强调西方中心,或者东方中心的想法都是极其错误的。 我清楚地知道,我在上面的说法,既会遭到极端传统主义者的反对,也会招致持有“全盘西化”观点人的反对。在后一类人看来,水墨画材料的柔软性、飘浮性使它在中国当代艺术的格局中很难有着生存的空间,它充其量也只能往抽象水墨的方向发展。毫无疑问,这显然是在简单移用西方的标准看问题。对此,我想指出的是,西方当代艺术的媒材特点,并不能完全取代中国当代艺术的媒材特点。且不论西方当代艺术的媒材是否具有“硬性”的特点——其实西方当代艺术中也有软性材料。就算是,水墨怎么会因此而变得一无是处呢?由于水墨在中国已有一千多年历史,进而成了民族身份的象征,那么,新水墨艺术在中国当代艺术的格局中,完全应该占有一席之地,否则就是中华文化史上的巨大悲剧。 另外,我还要指出的是,新水墨究竟如何发展,在很大程度上是一个与艺术创作实践密切相关的问题。如果一个学者只是坐在书斋里,对已然出现的新水墨现象视而不见、充耳不闻,肯定会出问题。对于这一点,人们只要认真研究本届展览参展艺术家们的创造的许多优秀作品就会明白。他们在充分尊重水墨媒材特点的前提下,很好地开拓了水墨艺术全新的可能性,并用自己的创作实践有力地反驳了虚狂的预测。因此,作为严肃的学者,首先是要努力掌握、了解、熟悉新出现的创作现状,然后则要做认真的研究或严肃的判断。也只有在这样的基础上,学术探讨或批评碰撞,才是有意义或有价值的。除此之外,任何关于新水墨的推论,都不过是无聊的文字游戏而已。
2007年7月12日于北京至深圳的飞机上 Only That Which is the World’s, Then Will Be the Nation’s
Lu Hong
Taiwanese scholar Long Yingtai emphasized in her essay, “Only that which is the world’s, then will be the nation’s.” This is overtly different from what we have always stressed – “only that which is the nation’s, then will it be the world’s,” thus the presuppositions of these two opinions are exactly opposite. I agree with Long, as her view was brought forth under new circumstances, and not only did it constructively supplement our traditional viewpoint, it also pointed out a very accurate direction in which our national culture is to develop under current globalizing trends. Thus, I am reminded of China’s ink art. In the past, as a result of one-sided and almost unanimous emphasis on the viewpoint of “only that which is the nation’s, then will be the world’s,” some more nationalistic individuals have engaged in ink painting in the cultural form of “remaining unchanged in face of myriad changes.” Although these artists regard this as an effective means by which to distance themselves from Western contemporary art, nevertheless, as their painting techniques, criteria, aesthetic tastes as well as compositional choices basically originate from tradition, they cannot create a new ink art that expresses the unique characteristics of their times, nor can they have a normal and equal dialogue with Western contemporary art. That is to say, the two art forms are in essence from different eras, the latter is an art that expresses new cultural values, while the former repeats past cultural values. Past experience proves amply that tradition is not built upon preserving the established but on creation. No matter how ancient or great a tradition, if it cannot form an active and responsive relationship with contemporary culture, then it has no purpose. Coming from this viewpoint, I am inclined to believe that in order to better utilize the ink medium, this important cultural inheritance of ours, or rather, to better emphasize national identity and differences, and to actively participate in international dialogues, it is imperative for some artists to devote themselves to the task of adapting ink art to the contemporary era. In these endeavors, our globalizing environment is one important pre-existing factor that we must consider; in fact in our present day, no one is able to transcend this all-encompassing condition, nor can they return to ancient times. It is necessary to note that to globalize here does not imply the use of Western standards to unify our artistic creations but it is the wish that artists during their creative processes will take full consideration of the fundamental abiding principles of globalizing cultural exchanges. Of course, it is difficult to elaborate clearly on all of the principles in such a short essay; however there are two that we should note particularly: 1. To pay very close attention to contemporary issues, in order to work hard to express new cultural or aesthetic ideas through new ink works. 2. To humbly, generously and expansively treat all cultures of the world in order to extract their beneficial elements. Here, any emphasis on Western-centered or Eastern-centered ways of thinking would be extremely wrong. I am clearly aware that my comments above will incur the opposition of extreme traditionalists and also that of the “all-westernizing” individuals. To the latter, the pliability and indistinct quality of the ink medium makes it very difficult for the art form to survive in the present environment of Chinese contemporary art; at best it can only develop towards abstraction. Undoubtedly, this is clearly a simple transference of Western standards to view this problem. With regards to this, I would like to point out that the characteristics of Western contemporary art’s media cannot completely replace those of Chinese contemporary art. Moreover, no matter if Western contemporary art truly possesses the “hard” quality in their media; in fact there are also “soft” media works in Western contemporary art, too. Be that as it may, why would ink art become so useless as a result of that? Ink art possesses more than a thousand year history in China and has further developed into a symbol for our national identity, hence, new ink art should have a place in contemporary Chinese art; otherwise it would be a great tragedy in Chinese cultural history. In addition, I would like to note that the problem of how new ink art actually develops is one deeply connected to artistic creative practices. For example, if a scholar only sits within his study, oblivious to the emergence of new ink art, then surely there would be problems. Regarding this point, we only need to study closely the numerous excellent works of this exhibition and we would understand. The participating artists have worked with full esteem for the ink medium, expanded new possibilities of ink art while using their own creative practices to forcefully refute the unfounded and outrageous predictions. Thus as a serious scholar, one must first work hard to be in control, understand, and familiar with newly emerging creative circumstances, and then proceed to research or critique responsibly. It is only upon this foundation that scholarly discussions or differing critiques can be meaningful and valuable. Other than this, any speculations regarding new ink art are only tedious word games. Written on July 12, 2007, in-flight from Beijing to Shenzhen
|